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What is E-Learning?
 E Learning is not new and has been around in some form or other for the past ten years. However, interest is rapidly growing. A quarter of all learning is expected to take place electronically in five years time.
E Learning involves the delivery and administration of learning opportunities and support via computer, networked and web-based technology, to help individual performance and development.
In its broadest form, e learning encompasses. The provision of information via information or communication technologies in a very accessible and immediate way that can enable individuals to refresh or extend their knowledge and improve their performance. The provision of interactive learning materials and packages designed to facilitate skills or wider personal development. The actual courses currently provided via e-learning mainly focus on IT skills and, to a lesser extent, on softer skills (people-to-people training) such as general management skills, or more specific aspects of management such as interviewing, negotiation, conducting meetings etc. At the third level, e learning is multi-dimensional and embraces both the first two levels into a wider performance support framework. This is coupled with processes to administer and monitor learning provision and outcomes, and to provide learners with various forms of support from experts and peers. On administration, e learning can provide access to learning resources including previews, registration and tracking of use.
Advantages of e learning
Benefits claimed for e learning include that it can be cost effective, with significant reductions in delivery costs, reportedly in excess of 50 per cent. Up-to-date content can be easily updated from one central source at a faster pace. The time needed to learn a particular topic or skill is reduced or 'compressed' as learning is tailored to that individual. Most reports suggest a 50 per cent reduction in learning time. In turn, the smaller and more relevant the learning the easier it is to capture. People can learn in a relatively anonymous environment without the embarrassment of failure and/or any socio-cultural bias from personal contact and everyone gets the same standardized message from e learning, which is valued by some organizations.
How can you tell if it
is working?
E Learning generally provides a host of functions to help evaluate not only use and throughputs of learning provision but also outputs. This can both help individuals manage their own learning and organizations manage their overall provision.
Getting it right
Five factors are thought to contribute towards successful implementation of e learning:
• analysis: the identification of training needs, specification of learning objectives, selecting and understanding the audience, and deciding on the methods of learning
• design: creation of own bespoke application by selecting content, media, type of interactivity available to learners, and user interface
• development: putting the design into action, which involves production of audio/video, programming of software, authoring of materials, and testing
• implementation: promoting the programmer, collecting management information, and appointing skilled mentors
• evaluation: reviewing the performance of the programmer against its objectives, in terms of take up, efficiency, effectiveness, and return on investment .
ere is a quick breakdown of some of the major events in the Civil Rights Movement from 1954 to 1965. This will give you a quick overview of what events during that time had the most effect.
1954 - Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
In the 1950s, school segregation was widely accepted throughout the nation. In fact, law in most southern states required it. In 1952, the Supreme Court heard a number of school-segregation cases, including Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. It decided unanimously in 1954 that segregation was unconstitutional, overthrowing the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruling that had set the "separate but equal" precedent.
1955 - Bus Boycott
Rosa Parks, a 43-year-old black seamstress, was arrested in Montgomery, Alabama, for refusing to give up her seat near the front of a bus to a white man. The following night, fifty leaders of the Negro community met at Dexter Ave. Baptist Church to discuss the issue. Among them was the young minister, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The leaders organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which would deprive the bus company of 65% of its income, and cost Dr. King a $500 fine or 386 days in jail. He paid the fine, and eight months later, the Supreme Court decided, based on the that bus segregation violated the constitution.
1957 - Desegregation at Little Rock, Arkansas
Little Rock Central High School was to begin the 1957 school year desegregated. On September 2, the night before the first day of school, Governor Faubus announced that he had ordered the Arkansas National Guard to monitor the school the next day. When a group of nine black students arrived at Central High on September 3, the were kept from entering by the National Guardsmen. On September 20, judge Davies granted an injunction against Governor Faubus and three days later the group of nine students returned to Central High School. Although the students were not physically injured, a mob of 1,000 townspeople prevented them from remaining at school. Finally, President Eisenhower ordered 1,000 paratroopers and 10,000 National Guardsmen to Little Rock, and on September 25, Central High School was desegregated.
1960 - Sit-in Campaigns
After having been refused service at the lunch counter of a Woolworth's in Greensboro, North Carolina, Joseph McNeill, a Negro college student, returned the next day with three classmates to sit at the counter until they were served. They were not served. The four students returned to the lunch counter each day. When an article in the New York Times drew attention to the students' protest, more students, both black and white, joined them and students across the nation were inspired to launch similar protests.
1961 - Freedom Rides
In 1961, busloads of people waged a cross-country campaign to try to end the segregation of bus terminals. The nonviolent protest, however, was brutally received at many stops along the way.
1962 - Univ. of Mississippi Riot
President Kennedy ordered Federal Marshals to escort James Meredith, the first black student to enroll at the University of Mississippi, to campus. A riot broke out and before the National Guard could arrive to reinforce the marshals, two students were killed.
1963 - Birmingham
Birmingham, Alabama was one of the most severely segregated cities in the 1960s. Black men and women held sit-ins at lunch counters where they were refused service, and "kneel-ins" on church steps where they were denied entrance. Hundreds of demonstrators were fined and imprisoned. In 1963, Dr. King, the Reverend Abernathy and the Reverend Shuttlesworth lead a protest march in Birmingham. The protestors were met with policemen and dogs. The three ministers were arrested and taken to Southside Jail.
1963 Police arrest King and other ministers demonstrating in Birmingham, Ala., then turn fire hoses and police dogs* on the marchers. Medgar Evers, NAACP leader, is murdered June 12 as he enters his home in Jackson, Miss. About 1,300 people march* from the Central Area to downtown Seattle, demanding greater job opportunities for blacks in department stores. The Bon Marche promises 30 new jobs for blacks. About 400 people rally at Seattle City Hall to protest delays in passing an open-housing law. In response, the city forms a 12-member Human Rights Commission but only two blacks are included, prompting a sit-in* at City Hall and Seattle's first civil-rights arrests. 250,000 people attend the March on Washington, D.C. urging support for pending civil-rights legislation. The event was highlighted by King's "I have a dream" speech. The Seattle School District implements a voluntary racial transfer program, mainly aimed at busing black students to mostly white schools. Four girls killed Sept. 15 in bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Ala.
1965 Malcolm X is murdered Feb. 21, 1965. Three men are convicted of his murder. August 6. President Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The act, which King sought, authorized federal examiners to register qualified voters and suspended devices such as literacy tests that aimed to prevent African Americans from voting. August 11-16: Watts riots leave 34 dead in Los Angeles.
1967 Sam Smith elected Seattle's first black city councilman.
1968 Aaron Dixon becomes first leader of Black Panther Party branch in Seattle. The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated in Memphis, Tenn., unleashing violence in more than 100 cities. In response to King's death, Seattle residents hurled firebombs, broke windows, and pelted motorists with rocks. Ten thousand people also marched to Seattle Center for a rally in his memory. Rally at Garfield High in support of Dixon, Larry Gossett, and Carl Miller, sentenced to six months in the King County Jail for unlawful assembly in an earlier demonstration. Before the speakers were finished, firebombs and rocks were flying toward cars coming down 23rd Avenue. Sporadic riots in Seattle's Central Area during the summer.
1969 Edwin Pratt, executive director of the Seattle Urban League and a moderate and respected African American leader, is shot to death while standing in the doorway of his home. The murder has never been solved.
1977 Seattle School Board adopts a plan designed to eliminate racial imbalance in schools by fall 1979.
1978 Seattle becomes the largest city in the United States to desegregate its schools without a court order; nearly one-quarter of the school district's students are bused as part of the "Seattle Plan." Two months later, voters pass an anti-busing initiative. It is later ruled unconstitutional. In a blow to efforts to diversify university enrollment, the U.S. Supreme Court outlaws racial quotas in a suit brought by Allan Bakke, a white man who had been turned down by the medical school at University of California, Davis
1989 Douglas Wilder of Virginia becomes the nation's first African American to be elected state governor.
1992 The first racially based riots in years erupt in Los Angeles and other cities after a jury acquits L.A. police officers in the videotaped beating of Rodney King, an African American.
When was the end of the Civil Rights Movement?
For many activists and some scholars, the civil rights movement ended in 1968 with the death of Martin Luther King, Jr. Others have said it was over after the Selma march, because after Selma the movement ceased to achieve significant change. Some, especially blacks, argue that the movement is not over yet because the goal of full equality has not been achieved.
Racial problems clearly still existed in the United States after King's assassination in 1968.
Urban poverty represented a continuing and worsening problem and remained disproportionately high among blacks. A major controversy in the 1970s was desegregation of public education, where achieving a racial balance often required busing students outside of their school districts. A broader question concerned equal opportunity for blacks, an issue that affirmative-action programs attempted to address. These programs, which emerged in the 1970s, supported the hiring and promotion of minorities and women. Their fairness has been debated and litigated into the 1990s.
Although full equality has not yet been reached, the civil rights movement did put fundamental reforms in place. Legal segregation as a system of racial control was dismantled, and blacks were no longer subject to the humiliation of Jim Crow laws. Public institutions were opened to all. Blacks achieved the right to vote and the influence that went with that right in a democracy.
Those were indeed long steps toward racial equality.
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